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Abstract

Cancer cells undergo unlimited progression and survival owing to activation of oncogenes. However, support of the tumor microenvironment is essential to the formation of clinically relevant tumors. Recent evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironment is a critical regulator of immune escape, progression, and distant metastasis of cancer. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment is known to be involved in acquired resistance of tumors to various therapies. Despite significant advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, occurrence of therapeutic resistance leads to reduced efficacy. This review highlights myeloid cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells consisting of the tumor microenvironment, as well as the relevant signaling pathways that eventually render cancer cells to be therapeutically resistant.

Author information

Son B1, Lee S1, Youn H2, Kim E1, Kim W3,4, Youn B1,4.​

1Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.

2Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.

3Integrative Graduate Program of Ship and Offshore Plant Technology for Ocean Energy Resource, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.

4Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.