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Abstract
Successful T cell immunotherapy for brain cancer requires that the T cells can access tumour tissues, but this has been difficult to achieve. Here we show that, in contrast to inflammatory brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis, where endothelial cells upregulate ICAM1 and VCAM1 to guide the extravasation of pro-inflammatory cells, cancer endothelium downregulates these molecules to evade immune recognition. By contrast, we found that cancer endothelium upregulates activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), which allowed us to overcome this immune-evasion mechanism by creating an ALCAM-restricted homing system (HS). We re-engineered the natural ligand of ALCAM, CD6, in a manner that triggers initial anchorage of T cells to ALCAM and conditionally mediates a secondary wave of adhesion by sensitizing T cells to low-level ICAM1 on the cancer endothelium, thereby creating the adhesion forces necessary to capture T cells from the bloodstream. Cytotoxic HS T cells robustly infiltrated brain cancers after intravenous injection and exhibited potent antitumour activity. We have therefore developed a molecule that targets the delivery of T cells to brain cancer.

Author information

Samaha H1,2,3,4, Pignata A2,3,4, Fousek K2,3,4,5, Ren J6, Lam FW4,7,8, Stossi F4,9, Dubrulle J4,9, Salsman VS2,3,4, Krishnan S6, Hong SH10, Baker ML4,11, Shree A2,3,4, Gad AZ1,2,3,4,5, Shum T2,4,5, Fukumura D6, Byrd TT2,3,4,5, Mukherjee M3,4,12, Marrelli SP10, Orange JS4,7,12, Joseph SK2,3,4, Sorensen PH13, Taylor MD14, Hegde M2,3,4,15,16, Mamonkin M2,3,4,5,17, Jain RK6, El-Naggar S1, Ahmed N18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25.
1
Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt-57357, Cairo, Egypt.
2
Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
3
Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
4
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
5
Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
6
Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
7
Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
8
Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases at the Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
9
Integrated Microscopy Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
10
Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX, USA.
11
National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
12
Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
13
Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
14
Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Neurosurgery, Departments of Surgery, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
15
Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
16
Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
17
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
18
Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. nahmed@bcm.edu.
19
Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. nahmed@bcm.edu.
20
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. nahmed@bcm.edu.
21
Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. nahmed@bcm.edu.
22
Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. nahmed@bcm.edu.
23
Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. nahmed@bcm.edu.
24
Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. nahmed@bcm.edu.
25
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. nahmed@bcm.edu.