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Abstract
Purpose: We propose a deep learning method that classifies focal liver lesions (FLLs) into cysts, hemangiomas, and metastases from portal phase abdominal CT images. We propose a synthetic data augmentation process to alleviate the class imbalance and the Lesion INformation Augmented (LINA) patch to improve the learning efficiency.

Methods: A dataset of 502 portal phase CT scans of 1,290 FLLs was used. First, to alleviate the class imbalance and to diversify the training data patterns, we suggest synthetic training data augmentation using DCGAN-based lesion mask synthesis and pix2pix-based mask-to-image translation. Second, to improve the learning efficiency of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the small lesions, we propose a novel type of input patch termed the LINA patch to emphasize the lesion texture information while also maintaining the lesion boundary information in the patches. Third, we construct a multi-scale CNN through a model ensemble of ResNet-18 CNNs trained on LINA patches of various mini-patch sizes.

Results: The experiments demonstrate that (a) synthetic data augmentation method shows characteristics different but complementary to those in conventional real data augmentation in augmenting data distributions, (b) the proposed LINA patches improve classification performance compared to those by existing types of CNN input patches due to the enhanced texture and boundary information in the small lesions, and (c) through an ensemble of LINA patch-trained CNNs with different mini-patch sizes, the multi-scale CNN further improves overall classification performance. As a result, the proposed method achieved an accuracy of 87.30%, showing improvements of 10.81%p and 15.0%p compared to the conventional image patch-trained CNN and texture feature-trained SVM, respectively.

Conclusions: The proposed synthetic data augmentation method shows promising results in improving the data diversity and class imbalance, and the proposed LINA patches enhance the learning efficiency compared to the existing input image patches.

Affiliations

Hansang Lee 1, Haeil Lee 1, Helen Hong 2, Heejin Bae 3, Joon Seok Lim 3, Junmo Kim 1
1School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
2Department of Software Convergence, College of Interdisciplinary Studies for Emerging Industries, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
3Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.