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Abstract

Background The comparative effectiveness of treatments for prostate cancer that is detected by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing remains uncertain. Methods We compared active monitoring, radical prostatectomy, and external-beam radiotherapy for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. Between 1999 and 2009, a total of 82,429 men 50 to 69 years of age received a PSA test; 2664 received a diagnosis of localized prostate cancer, and 1643 agreed to undergo randomization to active monitoring (545 men), surgery (553), or radiotherapy (545). The primary outcome was prostate-cancer mortality at a median of 10 years of follow-up. Secondary outcomes included the rates of disease progression, metastases, and all-cause deaths. Results There were 17 prostate-cancer-specific deaths overall: 8 in the active-monitoring group (1.5 deaths per 1000 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7 to 3.0), 5 in the surgery group (0.9 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 0.4 to 2.2), and 4 in the radiotherapy group (0.7 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 0.3 to 2.0); the difference among the groups was not significant (P=0.48 for the overall comparison). In addition, no significant difference was seen among the groups in the number of deaths from any cause (169 deaths overall; P=0.87 for the comparison among the three groups). Metastases developed in more men in the active-monitoring group (33 men; 6.3 events per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 4.5 to 8.8) than in the surgery group (13 men; 2.4 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.2) or the radiotherapy group (16 men; 3.0 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 1.9 to 4.9) (P=0.004 for the overall comparison). Higher rates of disease progression were seen in the active-monitoring group (112 men; 22.9 events per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 19.0 to 27.5) than in the surgery group (46 men; 8.9 events per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 6.7 to 11.9) or the radiotherapy group (46 men; 9.0 events per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 6.7 to 12.0) (P<0.001 for the overall comparison). Conclusions At a median of 10 years, prostate-cancer-specific mortality was low irrespective of the treatment assigned, with no significant difference among treatments. Surgery and radiotherapy were associated with lower incidences of disease progression and metastases than was active monitoring. (Funded by the National Institute for Health Research; ProtecT Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN20141297 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02044172 .). 

Author information

Hamdy FC1, Donovan JL1, Lane JA1, Mason M1, Metcalfe C1, Holding P1, Davis M1, Peters TJ1, Turner EL1, Martin RM1, Oxley J1, Robinson M1, Staffurth J1, Walsh E1, Bollina P1, Catto J1, Doble A1, Doherty A1, Gillatt D1, Kockelbergh R1, Kynaston H1, Paul A1, Powell P1, Prescott S1, Rosario DJ1, Rowe E1, Neal DE1; ProtecT Study Group.Hamdy FC1, Donovan JL1, Lane JA1, Mason M1, Metcalfe C1, Holding P1, Davis M1, Peters TJ1, Turner EL1, Martin RM1, Oxley J1, Robinson M1, Staffurth J1, Walsh E1, Bollina P1, Catto J1, Doble A1, Doherty A1, Gillatt D1, Kockelbergh R1, Kynaston H1, Paul A1, Powell P1, Prescott S1, Rosario DJ1, Rowe E1, Neal DE1; ProtecT Study Group.​​

1From the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford (F.C.H., P.H., D.E.N.), the School of Social and Community Medicine (J.L.D., J.A.L., C.M., M.D., E.L.T., R.M.M., E.W.), the Bristol Randomized Trials Collaboration (J.A.L., C.M.), and School of Clinical Sciences (T.J.P.), University of Bristol, the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust (J.L.D.), the Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust (J.O.), and the Department of Urology, Southmead Hospital and Bristol Urological Institute (D.G., E.R.), Bristol, the School of Medicine (M.M.) and Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine (J.S.), Cardiff University, and the Department of Urology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board (H.K.), Cardiff, the Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary (M.R.), and the Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital (P.P.), Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the Department of Urology and Surgery, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.B.), the Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (J.C., D.J.R.), the Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A. Doble), and the Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge (D.E.N.), Cambridge, the Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham (A. Doherty), the Department of Urology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester (R.K.), and the Department of Urology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.P., S.P.) - all in the United Kingdom.