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Abstract
Unlike conventional 1H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 19F MRI features unambiguous detection of fluorine spins due to negligible background signals. Therefore, it is considered a promising noninvasive and selective imaging method for the diagnosis of cancers and other diseases. For 19F MRI, fluorine-rich molecules such as perfluorocarbons (PFC) have been formulated into nanoemulsions and used as its tracer agent. Along with advancements in other types of nanoparticles as targeted theranostics and stimuli-triggered probes and combined with the advantages of 19F MRI, PFC nanoemulsions are being empowered with these additional functionalities and becoming a promising theranostic platform. In this Review, we provide an overview of fluorine-based materials for sensitive 19F MRI of biological and pathological conditions. In particular, we describe designs and applications of recently reported stimuli-responsive and theranostic 19F MRI probes. Finally, challenges and future perspectives regarding the further development of 19F MRI probes for their clinical applications are described.

Author information

Cho MH1, Shin SH1, Park SH1, Kadayakkara DK2, Kim D1, Choi Y1.
1
National Cancer Center , 323 Ilsan-ro , Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si , Gyeonggi-do 10408 , Republic of Korea.
2
Department of Medicine , Bridgeport Hospital-Yale New Haven Health , Bridgeport , Connecticut 06610 , United States.